: Cox’s Bazar
From the early 9th century the greater Chittagong area, including Cox’s Bazar, was under the rule of Arakan kings until its conquest by the Mughals in 1666 AD. When the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja was passing through the hilly terrain of the present-day Cox’s Bazar on his way to Arakan, he was attracted to its scenic and captivating beauty. He commanded his forces to camp there. His retinue of one thousand palanquins stopped there for some time. A place named Dulahazara, meaning “one thousand palanquins,” still exists in the area.
After the Mughals, the place came under the control of the Tipras and the Arakanese, followed by the Portuguese and then the British.
The name Cox’s Bazar originated from the name of a British East India Company officer, Captain Hiram Cox, who was appointed as the Superintendent of Palonki (today’s Cox’s Bazar) outpost. He succeeded Warren Hastings, who became the Governor of Bengal following the British East India Company Act in 1773. Cox embarked upon the task of rehabilitation and settlement of the Arakanese refugees in the area.[9] He rehabilitated many refugees in the area, but died in 1799 before finishing his work. To commemorate him, a market was established and named after him, called Cox’s Bazar. Cox’s Bazar was first established in 1854 and became a municipality in 1869.
Just after the end of British rule in 1947, Cox’s Bazar became part of East Pakistan. Captain Advocate Fazlul Karim, the first post-independence chairman of Cox’s Bazar Municipality, established the Tamarisk Forest along the beach. He wanted to attract tourists as well as to protect the beach from tsunamis. He donated much of his father-in-law’s and his own lands as sites for constructing a public library and a town hall. Karim was inspired to build Cox’s Bazar as a tourist spot after seeing beaches of Bombay and Karachi, and was a resort pioneer in developing Cox’s Bazar as a destination. Karim established a maternity hospital, the stadium and the drainage system by procuring grants from the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation through correspondence. T. H. Matthews, the principal of the Dacca Engineering College (1949~1954), was a friend who had helped him in these fundraising efforts. Engineer Chandi Charan Das was the government civil engineer who worked on all these projects.History
Coast view of Cascais, Portugal.
Human settlement of the territory today known as Cascais dates to the late Paleolithic, as indicated by remnants encountered in the north of Talaíde, in Alto do Cabecinho (Tires) and south of Moinhos do Cabreiro.[14] It was during the Neolithic that permanent settlements were established in the region, their inhabitants utilizing the natural grottoes (such as the Poço Velho in Cascais) and artificial shelters (like those in Alapraia or São Pedro) to deposit their dead. The bodies were buried along with offerings, a practice that continued to the Chalcolithic.[14]
Roman interventions in the area occurred with the settlement of the villae of Freiria (today São Domingos de Rana) and Casais Velhos (Charneca), evidence for which includes a group of ten tanks discovered along the Rua Marques Leal Pancada in Cascais, which was the location of a salting factory for fish.[14] Roman dominion over the territory also influenced place names in the region, as was the case with the word “Caparide” (from the Latin capparis, meaning “caper”), as well as several inscriptions associated with funerary graves.[14]
The Visigoths also left their mark especially on the Visigothic Cemetery of Alcoitão,[15] as well as in the late-Roman and medieval necropolis of Talaíde.[16][17]
Similarly, Muslim settlers in the region left their mark on local place names, including “Alcoitão” and “Alcabideche”, where the romantic poet Ibn Muqana al-Qabdaqi, who wrote of the region’s agriculture and windmills, was born at the beginning of the 11th century.[14] The discovery of several corpses in 1987 at Arneiro, in Carcavelos, led to the identification of fifteen burials that, due to their characteristics, made it possible to verify that the individuals buried there were of Berber origin.[18]
The development of Cascais began in earnest in the 12th century, when it was administratively subordinate to the town of Sintra, located to the north. In its humble beginnings, Cascais depended on the products of the sea and land, but by the 13th century its fish production was also supplying the nearby city of Lisbon. The toponym “Cascais” appears to derive from this period, a plural derivation of cascal (monte de cascas) which signified a “mountain of shells”, referring to the abundant volume of marine mollusks harvested from the coastal waters.
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